Hey, Mom! The Explanation.

Here's the permanent dedicated link to my first Hey, Mom! post and the explanation of the feature it contains.

Also,

Sunday, March 8, 2026

A Sense of Doubt blog post #4038 - DIE: LOADED - REVIEWS - Comic Book Sunday 2603.08


A Sense of Doubt blog post #4038 - DIE: LOADED - REVIEWS - Comic Book Sunday 2603.08

Die is back!

I am so thrilled.

The issues have jumped up my reading stack each month because this is GOOD STUFF.

Though I am reading Gillen's Power Fantasy in trades, I had to get DIE: LOADED in the individual single issues.

I have written about DIE many times. Here's three of the most relevant posts.

Friday, December 21, 2018

Sunday, February 24, 2019

Sunday, September 20, 2020

I love Die so much that I bought the individual issues of the first series, then the trade paperbacks, and then the hardcover omnibus.

I am on a book buying freeze right now, but I am barely holding myself back from buying the DIE: RPG, which I want very badly, even though I have no one to play it with.

Four issues are out so far, though I do not have the fourth one yet.

I am just going to focus on the first issue for now.

NOTE: I have had a problem with the COMIC BOOK ROUND UP links not working for years, and I think it is because the site often changes its URLs. These are current now. They may still have to be copied and pasted.

https://comicbookroundup.com/comic-books/reviews/image-comics/die-(2018)

https://comicbookroundup.com/comic-books/reviews/image-comics/die-(2018)/loaded-1

One of the most exciting things about DIE is that Gillen made it into a game, the DIE RPG hardcover I mentioned earlier.

DIE: LOADED #001 earned a 9.6/10 rating from critics and weirdly a 7.5/10 rating from readers. I have never put much stock in the comic book fan reading public at large and only trust those I trust and respect. But even for reactionary, opinionated, weird comic book fans, 7.5/10 is low.

The lowest score from the critics was a 9/10 and in just one of the seven reviews. There were two 10/10, one of which I am reprinting below.

From the introduction of the original series, I loved the idea of this book. Re-imagining the D&D character classes and situations of fantasy RPGs was a brilliant idea. Whisking away players from our world into that fantasy world was a borrowed trope from the 1980s Dungeons and Dragons TV cartoon, but one that Gillen and Hans adapted brilliantly.

But we knew at the end of the first series that a great deal of the world of DIE had not been explored and that it still existed. The characters were tied to it, and so more story seemed inevitable. Plus, Gillen indicated this intention in his newsletters.

For me, enjoyment of stories, especially episodic stories, has to do with investment in the characters. I am sure many others readers share this reason for reading. Once invested, I am usually loyal to a story even if there are flaws or aspects I do not like. With Gillen, I rarely feel there are flaws, though there are sometimes things of which I am not over fond. But despite those personal tastes, I am invested in the characters, and so I am ALL IN to borrow DC's current tag line.

SPOILERS AHEAD!!!!!
If you are possibly going to read this series, and don't want spoilers, stop now.


And so, with great delight, I open the new issue of DIE:LOADED #001 to see Ash, the narrator, at home in Stafford, on earth in his baby's room.

One aspect of Gillen's work that I love is the natural and careful recap or basic information for new readers. Sure, new readers could jump in here, but they would be better served with reading the twenty issues of the previous run before embarking here. Names are dropped to know the players involved as we did not have much exposure to Ash's wife Sophia in the original issues, and she makes her appearance on page two since she's the new narrator and the main character of this issue once she leaves Ash behind for the world of DIE. There's the standard mini re-cap before the story actually begins, but there's no "formerly in DIE" story-specific recap. It's difficult to say that this issue is really meant for new readers. As a skilled writer, Gillen writes a clear story that new readers could follow but much of the back story is only hinted at or alluded to in cryptic remarks.

For readers of the original story, there are many aspects of this continuation that will fascinate and enthrall.

The biggest of these differences are the characters themselves. The original six are not returning. We will follow the adventures of six new characters. In the original first issue, all six characters gathered together to play Sol's game, and we were introduced to them. They were all gamers or at least people recruited to play the game, like Isabelle who was there because she was dating Sol or Angela, Ash's sister, who begged to come along and Ash relented, much to his deep regret later. This time, at least so far, the characters are not gamers and were not playing the game although we do not know who all six are yet. I have read three issues as I write this review, so I do have some advance knowledge but really of only one additional character, Sol's mom, Margaret. Sophia will meet the other adventurer, Angela's daughter Molly, at the end of this issue. Beyond that, we don't know who the other three characters will be or if they are featured in this first issue before the journey to DIE as are Sophia, Molly, and Margaret. However, it the pattern persists each new character will have a connection to one of the former characters as Sophia is Ash's wife, Molly is Angela's daughter, and Margaret is Sol's mom, which means the possibly Chuck's son, shown playing a Nintendo Switch, might show up though making him the fool would be rather predictable. An alternative might be Chuck's wife, Fiona, who is shown giving a toast or even his older daughter Violet, whom Ash said he knew best. Also, We see Matt's father and new wife, whom Ash and Sophia do not meet, which may be foreshadowing, but they are both older even than Margaret. As for Izzy, she shows up in the story (more on that in a minute), but we know very little about her and so very little of whom she's close to.

And so, a complete change of the core of the book with new characters and so far non-gamers, which is inventive and opens many possibilities.

Another great thing about Gillen's writing is how he sets a theme and works that theme through the comic or even an entire story arc. Here the theme is playing roles, which is what people do in ROLE-playing games, obv. Gillen drops the theme on page two (seen below): "everything is a role for me. Right now, I play it and play it as well as I can," Ash narrates. He also alludes to his "gender bullshit" as in DIE he is Lady Ash, female and heterosexual (interested in men) and on earth he's male, actually Dominic Ash, and married to Sophia and a father to their child, born when he was last in DIE, letting us know that this story takes place shortly after his return as his baby is still a baby. The "gender bullshit" is unresolved as Ash explains that he and Sophia discussed it and in response to her question of "what do you want to do?" Ash said, "Oh, I wish I fucking knew." This is great character development. It fits well with what we know of Ash, and it leaves open the question of further resolution of this "gender bullshit."

Gillen loops us back to the "role" theme in the very last panel when new narrator Sophia tells us "I have to the responsible one. That's a role I can play."

But how do we get there?

The story opens on Ash and Sophia saying goodbye to their babysitter for their first outing since Covid began to attend Chuck's Memorial Service. This event allows Gillen to recap a little as Chuck's corpse shows up on earth six months before the rest of the characters return, which strengthened their kidnapping story. Actually, kidnapped again, as the DIE comic is about their return to the world of DIE twenty-five years later. Ash's history recap merges into a look around the service and identifying members of Chuck's family. Along the way, a great deal of commentary from Ash, which both makes him a great narrator and Gillen a great writer, such as "I was scared to have kids. I left it until was nearly too late. How could he (Chuck) leave so many behind?"

In the wake after the service, Ash connects with Matt, and we see his Dad and wife, Megan, though no one meets Megan, which may be a hint. Though Matt also has two kids, which he talks about. Then Molly is introduced as she makes a scene: "WHY IS EVERYONE BEING SO FUCKING NICE ABOUT THIS ASSHOLE?" This moment also allows Gillen to remind invested readers and inform new ones that Molly was seen dead in DIE when Ash and the others were last there. And then, Ash and Sol have a chat as Sol's Mom departs, though not before Ash comments that she was always "Sol's mum" not "Margaret": roles.

And so, Sol tells Ash that he is going to publish "the game," which is what the world of DIE wants him to do to lure people there, and Ash loses it: "do you think that changes anything you selfish cunt?!?" I am not sure if I have ever read the use of "cunt" in a comic before. I am sure it's not the first time, but I cannot think of another. Sophia pulls Ash away, and they leave but not before taking their gifts from Chuck's estate. Ash opens his when he gets home -- a miniature for gaming that looks significant but I can't place it -- and Ash laughs, breaking the tension of the previous scene, just before Sophia, in the other room, announces that hers is "one of those nerd dice." And she's gone, and Ash is too late to save her.

And now the narrator switches to Sophia, in the world of DIE, the Realm of One.

And there's a voice helping her, someone from the original six, and it makes sense for it to be Izzy though that's not revealed until next issue.

Quickly, Sophia realizes that she is where Ash and the others went, the big mystery that they could never talk about, quite literally during the twenty-five years between the first and second visits due to a binding spell, a geas. We soon discover that Sophia will be just as engaging a narrator as Ash. She processes what's happening, remembers giving birth to Stuart and makes a comparison to her current situation, which is timely as the Fallen who threaten her say "Life, you have life inside, take it, cut it out." Now, this comment may only be because she's ALIVE, but it may also allude to the fact that she is pregnant and doesn't know.

The voice guides Sophia to get the die that brought her here and to pick her deity as the Godbinder of this game, which is the biggest clue of all that the voice is Izzy. And so she picks the Bear and a fox as her "totem," her "animal aspect" explained next issue in back matter for playing this deity in the DIE RPG. The fox connects to her past in a memory that is shared as she considers. She's transformed in a way that leads us to believe that these people will be enhanced to better face the dangers of DIE.

The Bear informs Sophia that to leave DIE they have to bring the "pack" together and say "the game is over" and mean it. He offers to do that for her, bring them, but "the debt will be significant." Sophia is smart enough to decline that offer. And then something with magpies, which I assume we will learn later.

And then Molly, who is a Rage Knight shows up, kills the foes. Sophia (Sophie) pledges to get them home.

That's a great first issue and brilliantly rendered with two narrators and the signature stunning art of Stephanie Hans and letters by Clayton Cowles.

And yes, as a reviewer I am always more focused on writing and story because that's my wheelhouse. I love the art, but I feel less qualified to comment on it beyond praise.

What's disappointing is the comments of readers, like "it would be a great TV show" or "I like that part, a lot like a video game." Sigh. Looks like the user reviews on ROUND UP were tanked by a single 1/10 rating by some moron. I hope to counteract that with my own.

In summary, the original DIE series subverted expectations with in-depth characterization, novel plot twists while deconstructing role-playing games. This new series looks to continue that trend with a new narrator and a new cast of characters and greater mystery as the end goal is unknown this time compared to last. Gillen's writing is sharper than ever and he thematically unifies the issue around the idea of "roles" outside of games as well as within them. Hans' art is a revelation, even more mature and moody than the first time around. Unequivocal, 10/10 and eager for more! Bring it on.

One of the 10/10 reviews below.

Thanks for tuning in.





https://comic-watch.com/comic-book-reviews/die-loaded-1-dad-of-boy

Review

When DIE, the comic series following a group people trapped Jumanji-style in a TTRPG fantasy world, came to an end in 2021, it seemed final. Both DIE’s players and its readers alike were returned to the real world. So when the 2022 hardcover omnibus loudly pronounced “Book One” on its spine, I approached those words with the trepidation of a spooked horse and the fevered hope of a conspiracy theorist. Now, two-and-a-half years later, I’m here to shout from my nearest available rooftop: “DIE BOOK TWO IS HERE! IT’S REAL! IT’S VERY, VERY GOOD!”


When creating a sequel, a great number of things can go sideways. A story might get too bogged down in summarizing past events or alienate its original audience in an effort to grow its audience. Alternately, it might alienate prospective readers and even old readers by expositing too little. The first issue of DIE: Loaded (a play on The Matrix: Reloaded and the concept of loaded dice) treads this tightrope in style.  Picking up a year after the previous series, DIE: Loaded #1 sees its characters reuniting at a memorial service for Chuck, the player who died inside the game world of Die. It is as much a reunion for the reader as it is for the characters, letting us know what some of DIE’s protagonists have been up to since we left them in 2020.  DIE’s main protagonist, Ash, returns to find their wife Sophie has given birth. Ash’s desire to explore their gender identity quickly takes a backseat as they find themself playing a new, strongly gendered role: “Daddy.” Meanwhile, Ash’s sister Angela is haunted by the future-knowledge that her nonbinary child Molly will enter the world of Die and die there.

DIE has always been about escapism, mortality, and the simple truth that sometimes escapism leads to missing out on the important parts of life worth being present for. DIE’s creators — writer Kieron Gillen, artist Stéphanie Hans, and letterer Clayton Cowles — are now setting out to explore how these themes relate to parenthood. The 2010s saw a surge of video games that put players in the role of dads protecting children against dangerous landscapes. In some cases, these dads were new to the scene, like The Last of Us’ Joel, who must protect a teenage girl named Ellie years after the loss of his own daughter. Other times, these characters were decades old,  like Kratos from the God of War series, given a son named Atreus in the eponymous 2022 game often jokingly referred to as Dad of Boy. While on the surface it may seem strange that suddenly all of gaming’s protagonists were becoming dads and adoptive dads, the reason for it was quite simple: game developers were growing up and having kids of their own. Frequent and perhaps infrequent readers of Gillen’s newsletter will likely be aware that this is a recent reality shift for DIE’s writer, too. 

And parenthood can be plenty terrifying even when Norse gods (God of War), fungal parasitic zombie plagues (The Last of Us), or deadly fantasy TTRPGs aren’t involved. “No one had warned me that with a child comes death,” writes Claudia Dey in her 2018 Paris Review essay “Mothers as Makers of Death”: “Death slinks into your mind. It circles your growing body, and once your child has left it, death circles him too.” Therein lies the horror of DIE: Loaded.


One may argue that more broadly it’s a story about the horrors of creating something—a child, a game—and putting it into the world. In the interim between DIE and DIE: Loaded, Gillen and Hans published DIE: The TTRPG (or DIE: the very pretty art book if you’re unable to play it). In a plot beat so meta it’s headache-inducing, Sol — Ash’s friend who was trapped in Die for twenty years — has excitedly told Ash about his plans to publish DIE: The TTRPG. The comic’s mid-arc twist and escalation, meanwhile, are quite surprising — albeit more surprising if you didn’t read last week’s Polygon exclusive first. 

Hans continues to be a master of her craft as the book progresses from the sickening greens, sterile blues, and warm orange light of the real world and leaves them behind for the vivid and dizzying world of Die. Hans’ characters are always intimately expressive and character designs within the fantasy world are striking. Several years ago, director Guillermo Del Toro coined the term “eye protein” as a contrasting term to “eye candy”: where eye candy only offers something pretty to look at, eye protein also leaves you with something to chew on. Hans’ work is eye protein. Every time I go back through the pages of DIE: Loaded #1—or older issues of DIEWe Called Them GiantsJourney Into Mystery #645 for that matter—I find myself appreciating some detail of her work I’d previously missed. 


At this point, you may be thinking I’ve left you with absolutely nothing new to discover or ponder for yourself. In truth, I feel I’ve only scratched the surface. Reading DIE: Loaded #1, it’s hard not to be struck by the density of its storytelling when compared to comics of the same length—often at a higher price point. It’s like realising Casablanca, widely considered one of the best films of all time, is only two minutes longer than The Room, widely considered one of the worst. I can confidently say that DIE: Loaded #1 is firmly on the Casablanca end of the spectrum.

Final Thoughts

DIE: Loaded #1 is a contemplative and dazzling meditation on parenthood, creation, and mortality from one of comics’ dream teams.


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- Bloggery committed by chris tower - 2603.08 - 10:10

- Days ago: MOM = 3902 days ago & DAD = 556 days ago

- New note - On 1807.06, I ceased daily transmission of my Hey Mom feature after three years of daily conversations. I post Hey Mom blog entries on special occasions. I post the days since ("Days Ago") count on my blog each day, and now I have a second count for Days since my Dad died on August 28, 2024. I am now in the same time zone as Google! So, when I post at 10:10 a.m. PDT to coincide with the time of Mom's death, I am now actually posting late, so it's really 1:10 p.m. EDT. But I will continue to use the time stamp of 10:10 a.m. to remember the time of her death and sometimes 13:40 EDT for the time of Dad's death. The blog entry numbering in the title has changed to reflect total Sense of Doubt posts since I began the blog on 0705.04, which include Hey Mom posts, Daily Bowie posts, and Sense of Doubt posts. Hey Mom posts will still be numbered sequentially. New Hey Mom posts will use the same format as all the other Hey Mom posts; all other posts will feature this format seen here.

Saturday, March 7, 2026

A Sense of Doubt blog post #4037 - SPACE: Dark Matter Galaxy, Solar System that Should Not Exist, and a cool Spiral

spiral galaxy NGC 5134

A Sense of Doubt blog post #4037 - SPACE: Dark Matter Galaxy, Solar System that Should Not Exist, and a cool Spiral


Just sharing some of the space stuff I have been collecting lately.

Thanks for tuning in.

https://www.space.com/astronomy/james-webb-space-telescope/spectacular-spiral-galaxy-revealed-by-james-webb-space-telescope-space-photo-of-the-day-for-march-4-2026

Spectacular spiral galaxy revealed by James Webb Space Telescope | Space photo of the day for March 4, 2026

The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) has captured a truly spectacular view of the spiral galaxy NGC 5134, revealing glowing dust clouds, newborn stars and the ongoing cycle of stellar life and death.

What is it?

NGC 5134 is a spiral galaxy, a type of galaxy characterized by a bright central core surrounded by sweeping arms filled with stars, gas and dust. These arms act as cosmic nurseries where new stars are constantly forming.

his dramatic image combines observations from two of the JWST's powerful instruments: the mid-infrared instrument (MIRI) and the near-infrared instrument (NIRCam). MIRI detects mid-infrared light emitted by warm dust, revealing strands and clumps of gas scattered throughout the galaxy. NIRCam captures shorter-wavelength infrared light that highlights the stars and star clusters embedded deep within the spiral arms.

Why is it amazing?

The glowing dust clouds visible throughout the galaxy are the raw material for new stars. As gravity pulls this gas together, new stars ignite — gradually using up all the galaxy's star-forming fuel. When stars die, they return some of that material back into space. Massive stars explode into supernovas, scattering elements across hundreds of light-years, while smaller stars like our sun shed their outer layers as they expand into red giants.

By studying galaxies like NGC 5134 in infrared light, astronomers can trace this ongoing cycle of stellar birth, evolution and recycling, helping scientists understand how galaxies grow and change over billions of years.









https://scitechdaily.com/ghost-galaxy-made-of-99-dark-matter-discovered-300-million-light-years-away/


“Ghost Galaxy” Made of 99% Dark Matter Discovered 300 Million Light Years Away


Dark Galaxy CDG 2 Near Perseus Cluster
The low-surface-brightness galaxy CDG-2, within the dashed red circle at right, is dominated by dark matter and contains only a sparse scattering of stars. The full image from NASA’s Hubble Space Telescope is at left. Credit: NASA, ESA, Dayi Li (UToronto); Image Processing: Joseph DePasquale (STScI)

Astronomers have detected a ghostly galaxy that is almost completely made of dark matter. The faint object was revealed by just four globular star clusters hiding in the Perseus cluster.

While most galaxies blaze with billions of stars, a rare few are so faint they are barely detectable. These low-surface-brightness galaxies contain very few stars and are largely made up of dark matter, making them extremely difficult to spot.

One of the most unusual examples, called CDG-2, could be among the most dark matter dominated galaxies ever identified. (Dark matter is an invisible form of matter that does not reflect, emit, or absorb light.) The discovery was detailed in The Astrophysical Journal Letters.

Finding a Galaxy Through Globular Clusters

Because these galaxies emit so little light, they are challenging to detect directly. David Li of the University of Toronto, Canada, and his research team used sophisticated statistical methods to search for patterns instead of brightness. They looked for tight groupings of globular clusters, which are dense, spherical collections of stars that usually orbit larger galaxies. Such clusters can serve as indirect evidence that a faint galaxy is present.

Using this strategy, the team located 10 already known low-surface-brightness galaxies and identified two additional candidates that may qualify as dark galaxies.


Euclid Looking Into the Universe
Artist’s impression of the Euclid mission in space. Credit: ESA

Confirming CDG-2 With Hubble, Euclid, and Subaru

To confirm one of the candidates, astronomers relied on three observatories: NASA’s Hubble Space Telescope, ESA’s (European Space AgencyEuclid space observatory, and the Subaru Telescope in Hawaii. High-resolution images from Hubble revealed four tightly grouped globular clusters within the Perseus galaxy cluster, about 300 million light-years from Earth.


Further observations combining data from Hubble, Euclid, and Subaru detected a faint, extended glow surrounding those clusters. That dim halo provided convincing evidence that a previously unseen galaxy lay beneath them.

“This is the first galaxy detected solely through its globular cluster population,” said Li. “Under conservative assumptions, the four clusters represent the entire globular cluster population of CDG-2.”

A Galaxy That Is 99 Percent Dark Matter

Early estimates suggest CDG-2 shines with the combined light of roughly 6 million Sun-like stars. The four globular clusters account for about 16% of the galaxy’s visible light. Even more striking, about 99% of its total mass, including both visible matter and dark matter, appears to be dark matter.

Most of the ordinary matter needed to form stars, mainly hydrogen gas, was likely stripped away through gravitational interactions with neighboring galaxies inside the Perseus cluster.

Globular clusters are extremely dense and strongly bound by gravity. Their resilience makes them less vulnerable to gravitational tidal disruption, allowing them to remain intact and act as dependable markers of faint galaxies like CDG-2.

Expanding the Search for Dark Matter Galaxies

As major sky surveys continue to grow with missions such as Euclid, NASA’s upcoming Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope, and the Vera C. Rubin Observatory, astronomers are increasingly using machine learning and advanced statistical techniques to analyze enormous datasets.

Hubble Space Telescope Sunrise
Hubble orbiting the earth as the sun rises. Credit: M. Kornmesser (ESA/Hubble)

The Hubble Space Telescope has operated for more than 30 years and continues to deliver discoveries that deepen our understanding of the universe. Hubble is a joint project between NASA and ESA (European Space Agency). NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland, oversees mission operations, with additional support from Lockheed Martin Space in Denver. The Space Telescope Science Institute in Baltimore, operated by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, manages Hubble’s science operations for NASA.

Reference: “Candidate Dark Galaxy-2: Validation and Analysis of an Almost Dark Galaxy in the Perseus Cluster” by Dayi (David) Li, Qing Liu, Gwendolyn M. Eadie, Roberto G. Abraham, Francine R. Marleau, William E. Harris, Pieter van Dokkum, Aaron J. Romanowsky, Shany Danieli, Patrick E. Brown and Alex Stringer, 16 June 2025, The Astrophysical Journal Letters.
DOI: 10.3847/2041-8213/adddab

Could the Milky Way galaxy's supermassive black hole actually be a clump of dark matter?

An illustration shows dark matter powering the heart of a spiral galaxy
An illustration shows dark matter powering the heart of a spiral galaxy. (Image credit: Robert Lea (created with Canva))

New research suggests the supermassive black hole at the heart of the Milky Way is actually a tremendously massive yet compact clump of dark matter.

Scientists say this clump would exert the same gravitational effects currently attributed to the Milky Way's supermassive black holeSagittarius A* (Sgr A*). That includes the violent and rapid dance of stars taking place at the Galactic Center, in which so-called "S-stars" race around the compact heart of our galaxy at speeds as great as 67 million miles per hour (30,000 kilometers per second). For context, that's around 10% of the speed of light. This dark matter clump, the team says, would also account for the orbits of the dust-shrouded bodies, or "G-sources" located in the Galactic Center.

Fermionic dark matter is proposed to be capable of forming a structure that consists of a super-dense, compact core with so much mass that it mimics a supermassive black hole with a mass equivalent to 4.6 million suns, the research team says. That core would be surrounded by a vast and diffuse halo stretching out far beyond the visible matter of the Milky Way — but acting as a single unified entity. This is a structure that other recipes of dark matter can't replicate.

"We are not just replacing the black hole with a dark object; we are proposing that the supermassive central object and the galaxy's dark matter halo are two manifestations of the same, continuous substance," team member Carlos Argüelles, of the Institute of Astrophysics La Plata, said in a statement.

Seeing is believing … but what are we seeing?

The theory, proposed by Argüelles and colleagues, is strongly based on observations conducted by the European Space Agency's star tracking mission Gaia, released as part of the project's third data drop in June 2022.

Gaia allowed the team to precisely map the rotation and orbit of stars and gas in the outer halo of the Milky Way, revealing a slowdown of our galaxy's rotation curve: the so-called Keplerian decline. This team thinks the Keplerian decline can be explained by the diffuse outer halo they saw, which is a factor in their model and one that, as we now know, adds support to the fermionic model of dark matter.


In the standard model of cosmology, also known as the Lambda Cold Dark Matter (LCDM) model (the best description we have of the universe), dark matter is "cold," which means its particles move at speeds significantly slower than the speed of light.

Cold dark matter forms an extended halo tail that struggles to account for the slowdown observed by Gaia. The fermionic model, on the other hand, predicts a tighter and more compact halo tail that could cause Keplerian decline. Remember, in the Sgr A* model, dark matter at the heart of the Milky Way isn't connected in a single structure to the outer halo, thus that tail isn't present in this model.

"This is the first time a dark matter model has successfully bridged these vastly different scales and various object orbits, including modern rotation curve and central stars data," Argüelles said.


So far, so good. The theory that our galaxy may have a clump of dark matter rather than a black hole in its center appears to be fairly credible. However, there is a 4.6 million solar mass elephant in the room: namely, the image of Sgr A* captured by the Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) and revealed to the public in May 2022. Still, the team says their fermion dark matter model can account for this.

An orange hazy doughnut against a black background.

An image of the supermassive black hole at the center of the Milky Way, a behemoth dubbed Sagittarius A*, revealed by the Event Horizon Telescope on May 12, 2022. (Image credit: Event Horizon Telescope collaboration)

Before diving into that explanation, it is worth considering what we actually see when we look at the EHT image of what we all currently assume to be Sgr A*.

The glowing golden ring in this image is actually superhot matter whipping around whatever lurks at the heart of the Milky Way. What we actually see in this image isn't a black hole at all, understandable because black holes are surrounded by a light-trapping surface called an event horizon; there's no way we could directly see Sgr A*. What we can see, though, is the shadow the black hole casts.

Yet in 2024, researchers demonstrated that a dense core of fermionic dark matter could actually cast a shadow that is similar to that seen in the EHT image. The core would be invisible like a black hole because dark matter famously doesn't interact with light.

"This is a pivotal point," said team leader Valentina Crespi of the Institute of Astrophysics La Plata. "Our model not only explains the orbits of stars and the galaxy's rotation but is also consistent with the famous 'black hole shadow' image. The dense dark matter core can mimic the shadow because it bends light so strongly, creating a central darkness surrounded by a bright ring."

Though the team has statistically compared their dark matter model to the accepted model of a supermassive black hole at the heart of the Milky Way, and the former was able to replicate the behavior of S-stars, G-sources, the structure of our galaxy and the black hole shadow, the researchers emphasize it is definitely still early days for this theory.

The team's research does lay down a roadmap for future observations using the Very Large Telescope (VLT) to hunt for photon rings at the heart of the Milky Way, which will be present for Sgr A*, but absent if the central dominating body of our galaxy is a dense clump of dark matter.

Clearly, Sgr A* isn't ready to relinquish its throne at the heart of the Milky Way to dark matter just yet.

The team's research was published on Feb. 5 in the journal Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society (MNRAS).


Astronomers detect a solar system they say should not be possible

By Jacopo Prisco, CNN | Updated - Feb. 14, 2026 at 8:18 a.m. | Posted - Feb. 13, 2026 at 3:56 p.m.

 https://www.ksl.com/article/51447598/astronomers-detect-a-solar-system-they-say-should-not-be-possible

KEY TAKEAWAYS
  • Astronomers discovered an unusual exoplanetary system 116 light-years away with reversed planet order.
  • LHS 1903's system challenges traditional planet formation theories with its unique rocky-gas arrangement.
  • Future observations may reveal more about small planet formation around stars unlike our sun.

WASHINGTON — An exoplanetary system about 116 light-years from Earth could flip the script on how planets form, according to researchers who discovered it using telescopes from NASA and the European Space Agency.

Four planets orbit LHS 1903 — a red dwarf star, the most common type of star in the universe — and are arranged in a peculiar sequence. The innermost planet is rocky, while the next two are gaseous, and then, unexpectedly, the outermost planet is also rocky.

This arrangement contradicts a pattern commonly seen across the galaxy and in our own solar system, where the rocky planets (Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars) orbit closer to the sun and the gaseous ones (Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune) are farther away.

Astronomers suspect this common pattern arises because planets form within a disk of gas and dust around a young star, where temperatures are much higher close to the celestial body. In these inner regions, volatile compounds such as water and carbon dioxide are vaporized while only materials that can withstand extreme heat — such as iron and rock-forming minerals — can clump together into solid grains. The planets that form there are therefore primarily rocky.

Farther from the star, beyond what scientists call the "snow line," temperatures are low enough for water and other compounds to condense into solid ice — a process that allows planetary cores to grow quickly. Once a forming planet reaches about 10 times the mass of Earth, its gravity is strong enough to pull in vast amounts of hydrogen and helium, and in some cases, this runaway growth produces a giant gas planet such as Jupiter or Saturn.

"The paradigm of planet formation is that we have rocky inner planets very close to the stars, like in our solar system," said Thomas Wilson, an assistant professor in the department of physics at the University of Warwick in England and first author of a study on the discovery that was published Thursday in the journal Science. "This is the first time in which we have a rocky planet so far away from its host star, and after these gas-rich planets."

The unexpected rocky planet, called LHS 1903 e, has a radius about 1.7 times that of Earth, making it what astronomers call a "super Earth" — a larger version of our planet with similar density and composition. But why is it there, defying logic and previous observations?

"We think that these planets formed in very different environments from each other, and that is what's kind of unique about this system," Wilson said. "This outer planet, which is rockier compared to the middle two planets, shouldn't have happened, based on the standard formation theory. But what we think happened is that it formed later than the other planets."

'Gas-depleted' formation

The planetary system was first discovered using a Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite, or TESS, a NASA space telescope launched in 2018 to discover new exoplanets. The system was then analyzed using the European Space Agency's CHaracterising ExOPlanet Satellite, or Cheops, which was launched in 2019 to study stars that are already known to host exoplanets. The researchers also used data from other telescopes across the world, leading to a large international collaboration.

After they confirmed the odd finding of an "inside out" planetary system, the scientists tested some hypotheses to explain the presence of the outermost rocky planet, hoping to understand whether it could have formed via a collision between other planets, or if it could be the remnant of a gas-rich planet that had lost its outer envelope.

"We ran a lot of dynamical analysis in this study, basically throwing these planets at each other and throwing other planets at these planets, seeing if you could remove the atmosphere, if you could create these planets via impacts," Wilson said, referring to two possible formation processes. "But we cannot make these planets this way."

Once they ruled out these possibilities, the researchers landed on what Wilson calls a "gas-depleted" formation mechanism in which the planets formed one after another and in the opposite order to our own solar system, starting with the innermost planet and moving outward.

"This formation mechanism, where you start with the inner one and then you move away from the host star, means the outermost planet formed millions of years after the innermost one," Wilson said. "And because it formed later, there was actually not that much gas and dust in the disk left to build this planet from."

In our solar system, the gas giants formed first and quickly, followed by the four inner rocky planets. There are also rocky bodies beyond the orbit of Neptune, such as Pluto, but compared with LHS 1903 e, Wilson said, they are far smaller, ice-rich and likely formed much later than the other solar system planets, as a result of collisions.

The finding may offer "some of the first evidence for flipping the script on how planets form around the most common stars in our galaxy," according to Sara Seager, professor of planetary science and physics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and a coauthor of the study.

However, she added, the study is centered around a difficult interpretation, so the debate remains open. "Even in a maturing field, new discoveries can remind us that we still have a long way to go in understanding how planetary systems are built," she said in an email.


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- Bloggery committed by chris tower - 2606.07 - 10:10

- Days ago: MOM = 3901 days ago & DAD = 555 days ago

- New note - On 1807.06, I ceased daily transmission of my Hey Mom feature after three years of daily conversations. I post Hey Mom blog entries on special occasions. I post the days since ("Days Ago") count on my blog each day, and now I have a second count for Days since my Dad died on August 28, 2024. I am now in the same time zone as Google! So, when I post at 10:10 a.m. PDT to coincide with the time of Mom's death, I am now actually posting late, so it's really 1:10 p.m. EDT. But I will continue to use the time stamp of 10:10 a.m. to remember the time of her death and sometimes 13:40 EDT for the time of Dad's death. The blog entry numbering in the title has changed to reflect total Sense of Doubt posts since I began the blog on 0705.04, which include Hey Mom posts, Daily Bowie posts, and Sense of Doubt posts. Hey Mom posts will still be numbered sequentially. New Hey Mom posts will use the same format as all the other Hey Mom posts; all other posts will feature this format seen here.